paternityexpress.com

It is becoming more and more import to have a father sign and document that a child is truly his biological child while he is alive and able to speak and act for himself.  Tragedy doesn’t give us warnings when it is about to strike, and many mothers, especially single mothers, are caught in a situation where legal paternity of a child was not established (i.e., the father of their child did not have his name put on their child’s birth certificate thus publicly declaring that he fathered their child) and he dies suddenly.  They are rudely awakened when they find out how important it is when they visit their local Social Security Office and are told that their child “is not” the deceased person’s child and they do not have proof to say otherwise.  Although they know it for sure; they must prove it to the authorities.  Because they really do not have any proof . . . even when members of the deceased man’s family may provide them affidavits that the deceased acknowledged to them that he fathered the child; they must provide some material proof such as a DNA paternity test which provides indisputable proof, provided the DNA test was done following the strict “chain of custody” method.  If you ever find yourself in this situation . . .

Don’t panic, paternity testing may still be performed if the mother wishes and is willing to do a few things to help her situation.  If the deceased person died suddenly or as a result of a crime, an accident, suicide, or long illness or if he died in a hospital, it is likely that an autopsy was performed.  A blood card or other suitable forensic specimen may be obtained from the hospital, or medical examiner / coroner who performed an autopsy on the deceased.  The hospital, coroner, or medical examiner can provide the necessary chain-of-custody documentation by completing and signing a few documents which attests to the collection of and the unbroken chain of custody of samples being turned over to a lab for DNA testing; most testing labs will even provide these forms.  Of course, the mother and the next of kin of the deceased would need to complete a few documents requesting the hospital, coroner / medical examiner turn over a “blood card” or qualifying “forensic sample” from which a DNA profile of the alleged father may be taken for comparison with the child.  They also must sign documents giving the testing lab the authority to do the DNA paternity test between the deceased samples and the child in question.  The child’s DNA samples also must be collected using the strict chain-of-custody method in order for the lab to issue a “legal” paternity report which may be presented to Social Security and also is admissible in court.

Even when the family refuses to give permission for the mother to get a sample of the deceased’s DNA for testing, the mother can turn to the courts and ask for an order to secure the release of the deceased’s DNA for paternity testing.  Of course she would need to tell the court the purpose for her request and provide proof such as the Social Security documentation which would clearly show that there was a need to prove that the deceased was the biological father of the child presented to Social Security to obtain benefits.

There are other tests which include but are not limited to  family reconstruction, avuncular, and Grandparentage which may provide proof of a child’s paternity, however, nothing beats the alleged father’s direct participation . . . even when it is done post mortem.

When an alleged father refuses to cooperate in Paternity DNA testing, or the child in question is older, and you don’t want them to know that their paternity is in question, a Secret DNA test can help.  However, the secret DNA test can not be legal, i.e., the results of any such testing cannot be used in a court of law or for any formal government purposes such as child support, social security claims, immigration, etc.  The secret DNA testing is equivalent to the peace-of-mind or home DNA test where participants simply need to know for personal knowledge and do not need a document for court; they may or may not collect the samples themselves and / or had access to the collected samples; instead they simply obtain an article / item used by the person or persons they want to test.  It is exactly what the name implies . . . secret . . . expressly for the knowledge of the person requesting the test.  There are three scenarios in which the secret DNA testing may be employed:

First Scenario:  An item from the alleged father, is obtained in secret and this item is tested for DNA. A control swab is also submitted for the child.

Second Scenario:  An item used by the child is obtained in secret and this item is submitted for DNA testing. A control swab is also submitted for the father.

Third Scenario:   A secret item is submitted for both the child and the alleged father.

There are many types of articles / items which may be submitted for DNA testing and profiling, however, the lab can never guarantee whether or not the article / item submitted will have sufficient DNA to create a profile and must do an initial scan.  If you ask, most labs will do what is known as a preliminary scan of the article and inform you whether or not they found enough DNA to create a profile before moving to comparison with the control sample.  It is always better to let the lab know at the time of submitting the case whether you want to be informed about the “article / item” profile before they move on to comparing with the control sample.  If sufficient DNA is not found on the article / item submitted, then there is no need to proceed on to comparison with a control sample.  Also, you can save a few dollars by doing it this way, however, time is lost, i.e. if you need to have results back speedily then the lab will have to wait until you contact them in order to give them permission to proceed to the second stage: comparison of the two profiles.  You decide which is best for your situation, and how you wish to proceed or not proceed.

To find out what articles / items can be submitted for testing, simply call the lab.  They will provide you with a full listing of what articles / items may be submitted for DNA testing as well as let you know what the cost of the initial scan of a submitted article / item would be.

After every major disaster, it will need to be proven or disproven which persons died and or whether children who cannot speak for themselves and are being claimed by adults are really biologically related to  that adult.  One of the ways the people in charge can make certain that they are turning over a minor child to a biological relative would be to conduct a DNA test.  There are many DNA tests which can prove beyond a shadow of a doubt whether a biological relationship between claiming parties truly exists.  

How can this be done? Well several ways, including but not limited to Genetic Reconstruction, under which the following testing fall: Paternity DNA testing, Maternity DNA testing, Avuncular DNA testing (using an uncle or aunt) , Siblingship (using known or proven brother or sister), Grandparentage DNA testing (using one or both grandparents). Forensic DNA testing may also be employed to determine whether a deceased person was a child’s actual parent and / or whether a surviving child is truly an orphan or related to a living person who is trying to claim that child.  Recently the earthquake in Haiti has left thousands of children orphans, however, among these children there may be ones who may have a surviving relative, or several surviving relatives.  One can almost be sure that the authorities will rely on DNA testing to prove biological relationships for the smallest ones who cannot speak for themselves to identify their relatives who are trying to claim them. Also, it is almost certain that the government may resort to DNA testing to identify deceased persons.  It is amazing just what a DNA test can reveal!  Genetic reconstruction uses a series of testing to determine whether a child is related to an alleged father’s close relatives. It is an alternate way to determine if a biological relationship exists among the tested parties.  Each person’s DNA profile is unique, but close relatives will share a significant portion of their DNA profiles because of the hereditary nature of DNA.

All that aside, results of genetic reconstruction may also be used as proof in getting Social Security benefit or matters of inheritance claims

Many divorces in the U.S. are the direct results of sexual infidelity by one or both people in a relationship.  The frequency of marital infidelity vary widely, but experts estimates that some 60 percent of husbands and nearly 40 percent of wives have been unfaithful at some point during their marriage.  No one sex has a monopoly on infidelity!

Although stains on female undergarments could be attributable to urine, urinary tract infection, blood, feces or natural vaginal excretions related to menstrual cycle, ovulation, or vaginal infection; some stains on female undergarments could possibly indicate sexual infidelity.  Semen can be deposited on undergarments, panties, bed sheets, clothing upholstered furniture or other surfaces.  For up to 5 days after the sexual act, sperm cells can live in the vagina.  Whether on male undergarment or female undergarment, forensic analysis of suspicious stains would be necessary to determine the origin of suspicious stains.

A Forensic lab would need to analyze any suspicious stains in two stages: screening and DNA analysis.  A Forensic Analyst screens the suspicious stain using a battery of techniques to determine whether there is semen present.  If no evidence of semen is present, on undergarments, or sample presented, then there is no physical evidence of infidelity and, therefore, continued testing is unnecessary.

If the stain is identified as semen, then DNA analysis of  the stain and a reference swab sample from the partner, male or female,  is conducted to determine whether the semen came from the partner or some other unknown person. Stains that are the results of sexual activity are often a mixture of both partners doing the act, male and female DNA or male and male DNA.  Epithelial cells from the vaginal wall, mouth or skin comprises the female DNA.  Suspicious stains are cell typed using differential extraction which takes advantage of each cell’s unique type.  DNA profiles are generated from each extracted stain as well as from the reference sample for the male and / or female.  If the profile from the partner’s sample does not match the DNA from the stain samples presented, then some other man or woman created the stains

Likewise, stains on male undergarments could be an indicator of sexual infidelity with either male or female.  As well staining on male undergarments may be caused by urine, urinary tract infection, feces or semen.  The same type of analyses would need to be done with the known partner’s reference swab to determine whether the partner caused the tested stains.

Garments and or other samples should be stored at room temperature, and sent to the lab in paper bags or envelopes.  Never use plastic bags nor should you refrigerate the sample item.  The partner’s reference should be collected from the cheeks of the mouth using sterile swabs and sent to the lab in its own paper container.

Every now and then there is an amber alert in some state or the other.  A child has gone missing, and sometimes the parent does not have an up-to-date photograph or they are so rattled that they sometimes appear incoherent and does not provide a proper description of their child. Ever heard “a picture is worth a thousand words”? Well we believe a CSIC is worth a million words.  We have had a program in place which has everything your local authorities and even if necessary the FBI can use as a tool.  It prevents precious time being wasted.  If ever you face a situation where your child becomes lost or missing, you simply hand a copy to your local police officials and it has everything they will ever need to identify your child though you may still have to provide a recent photograph of the child if necessary.:  It is a Child Safety Identification Certificate.

Just what is a Child Safety Identification Certificate?  It is a document / certificate which contains the DNA profile of your child and has his or her biographical data, such as full name, date of birth, height, weight, gender, race/ethnicity, hair color, eye color, residence, and a photograph of the child when it was compiled and a consent form which must be signed by a parent.  The photograph of the child will become part of the CSIC which is returned to you. Thereafter, parents are urged to take a photograph at least once each year if the child is over 15 years old but at least every 3 months if the child is age 0 to 15 and keep it with their CSIC.  Children age 0 to 15 features change dramatically as they grow.  The parent should always keep the CSI updated by keeping the most recent photograph of the child with it and making sure the photograph is updated at least once a year thereafter by photographing the child and keeping the most recent photograph with the CSIC.

Getting a CSIS is a simple, easy, painless procedure.  The DNA Profile for a CSIC is the same as doing a paternity test only there is no alleged father involved or being collected.  Collection is simple and easy; we send you a Child Safety DNA sample collection kit that has specific instructions for completing the enclosed form and two cotton swabs which should be used to collect specimen from inside the cheeks of your child’s mouth.  This can be done from the privacy of your own home (you can do the collection yourself, or you can bring your child into a center or have a technician come to your home to have it done).  You then sent the samples to our AABB Approved testing labs.  Just like in the paternity test, the child’s samples are profiled and a certificate containing all the information you provided and the photograph is sent back to you.  Nothing is kept by our lab just a record of the child’s profile if you should ever need an additional copy.  Processing of the CSIC takes approximately 5 business days.

Personal information you provide about your child will never be used or released without your express written consent.  The laboratory will store the samples for up to 6 months and they will store the laboratory results for at least 5 years or 7 years for New York Residents.

A Twin zygosity test determines definitively whether twins are identical or fraternal.  Using ultrasound examination of the placenta, an OB-GYN doctor may be able to tell whether twins are identical or fraternal.  After twins are born, a pathological examination of the placenta can also be conducted to determine zygosity.  However, scientists recommend DNA testing to determine zygosity, as studies have revealed that either method is not 100% accurate.  Occasionally when medical records regarding zygosity is lost, or unavailable, or when the twins physical characteristics vary and are different as they grow a zygosity test will reveal whether they are actually identical or fraternal.  Only a twin zygosity test that compares the twins DNA profiles to see whether they match exactly can conclusively answer that question: an exact match means that the twins are identical.

Identical Twins twins come from one fertilized egg, known as a zygote. The zygote, which usually develops into one child, grows and divide early in development stage to form two embryos which results in dentical twins. Because the twins come from one egg and one sperm, they have exactly the same DNA.

Fraternal Twins on the flip side of this Fraternal twins develop when there are two different eggs in the mother’s womb that are fertilized by two different sperms. Fraternal twins will not have exactly the same DNA, although like other siblings, they can be expected to share some of the DNA they inherit from both parents

The results of a twin zygosity test may be used to satisfy one’s curiosity and assist in health problems for the twins later in life or as they grow up. For example, if one twin twin should ever need an organ or tissue transplant the other twin would be a perfect donor as they share identical DNA.

We came across a case the other day where the father of a 20 year old young man and his three older siblings were requested by the immigration / consulate in their country to do a paternity test to establish a biological relationship to the person (the only father they had known all their lives) who was sponsoring them for permanent residence into the U.S.; they needed immigration paternity testing. Twenty years ago, paternity testing was not as common, available or as affordable as it is now.  Testing was completed, and as it turns out, a biological relationship could be established with the three older siblings (the man had indeed sired the older boys) they belonged to the tested father, however a biological relationship could not be established between the man and the 20 year old; results of the 20 year old was and exclusion (the alleged father was not his biological father). This presented a quandary for this family. 

Most recently we did another test for a young man, seventeen going on eighteen who would be graduating from high school shortly and would be entering into the armed forces, his girlfriend, had just given birth to what he believed to be his child.  He wanted to provide support and medical benefits for the child he would be leaving behind for some timd.  However, his mother insisted that he do a DNA paternity test, because the army would need some form of documentation as proof that he was the biological father of this child he was claiming to be his and would be putting on his benefits plan.  Both parents and the child participated in the paternity test and three days later the young man found he was not the biological father of the newborn.

In the former case, the science was not yet available and as readily affordable to the common man, in the latter it was.  In either case hearts were broken but they both fathers knew where they stood. 

DNA Paternity testing is now so easily available and affordable to everyone who needs it, it baffles one that it is not being used even more that it is.  Because it is so easily arranged, a simple telephone call, whereby you answer a few questions and you can secure an appointment for testing with results in as little as three days; even in as little as 24 hours if one is willing to pay for the faster service.  Although the younger generation is more savvy, they are using this science more and more to protect themselves and their assets.  No longer should one guess or accuse, simply arrange for testing to be done.  Even when an alleged father is deceased or otherwise unavailable for sample collection, through the use of reconstructive DNA testing such as grandparentage testing, avuncular testing, among others are available.

So, no one need harbor doubts, they simply use the science to find out.

You know that any complete package when it comes to dna testing will need to include Infidelity DNA testing. This is the offshoot from the more common paternity test before birth that is designed to help with a completely different set of results. Whereas paternity test results usually highlight the biological relationship between a man and a child, Infidelity DNA testing is designed to catch the cheating spouse.

And make no mistake. There are numerous ways that this form of DNA testing can bring to light someone’s trysts. Once the professionals that the laboratory find the samples that they’re looking for on the clothes, upholstery or even undergarments of the people in question, they set out to prove the infidelity using a semen screen, saliva test or even a dna test.

Like with the paternity test, the results are generally quite conclusive. When you have a suspicions that you spouse may be cheating on you , statistics show that you could very well be right. And that’s the reason that you’ll need to order some Infidelity DNA testing so that you can either prove or disprove your suspicions.

Dna testing has come a long way since this genetic marker was first discovered and now there are many different ways that this science has been put to use for the betterment of the human race.

Of course the most common of the dna testing procedures that are familiar to the general public is the paternity test and the usual paternity test results that determine the biological relationship of a man to a child. As well there are other variations that include grandparentage  testing that is generally about marking the same manner of family relationships where the alleged father is not able to participate in the procedure.

Critical

Still one of the other procedures that might not be as widely known is immigration testing. This is just as critical in the sense that it reunites families that have been separated when one of the members immigrates.

It works this way.

When one of the members goes on ahead they often petition an embassy or other government agency to have the rest of the family brought along. Of course with the numbers that must be processed, Embassies began to see the need for a test very similar to the paternity test so that the members could be easily verified.

Risen To The Challenge

Of course there are certain companies that have risen to the challenge and all that catering to this challenging aspect of dna testing entails. At the top of the places that can do this work to the requirements of these Embassies and governments is paternityexpress.com.

They have the required test facilities all over the globe as well as mobile sample collections units that can be dispatched at a moments notice. One of the other things that speaks highly in the favor of this facility is the fact that their laboratories are all accredited by the proper agencies to ensure the accuracy of all the tests.

Although immigration testing is considered to be only one part of the entire dna testing matrix, it has become a very critical component of the immigration system here and in other countries around the world. Immigration testing is responsible for the reunification of families where one has gone on ahead of the rest, and the accuracy of the results allow those families as well as the government officials who rely on the results to feel secure about these tests.

DNA testing has come along way and some of the variations that have sprung up from the most common version of the paternity test include infidelity testing that can prove or disprove the suspicions of a jealous spouse.

When you consider that the DNA that can be collected for this kind of test is really the genetic blueprint that’s yours alone, it’s easy to see why those people with a cheating heart will be worried when they’re asked to hand over a sample.

Like its cousin the paternity test, infidelity testing is very accurate. Samples for this particular test can be taken from inside the vagina or from beddings or clothing. Even suspicious stains can be tested using three different methods that include a semen screen, a salvia test and a dna test.

Still, you might want to start right at the beginning and understand what the experts feel are the tell tale signs that your spouse has been cheating. You might want to start looking into this infidelity testing if your partner,

• Stays out later than usual. That in itself might not be the incriminating evidence that you’re looking for, but when they become evasive about where they’ve been, you might want to start considering collecting some samples
• If they show a lack on interest in any physical contact with you, that’s usually a strong indicator.
• Of course unexplained stains on their clothing can be a giveaway.

It’s important to remember that just as important as making the decision to get the test done is picking the right location. The experts all agree that you need to look for an accredited location that has all the proper credentials so that you can be sure that all the samples that you give them or they collect will be processed properly.

One of the other big indicators is how many locations that facility has. Generally the firms that have gone international and branched out into other avenues like immigration testing are the ones that have the best track records and reputations. Remember that you’ll need to be careful with the facility that you finally decide on so that you can be comfortable knowing that the results are as accurate as possible.

Remember that DNA testing has had many different variations over the years and the infidelity test is just as critical to those involved as the paternity test.